- each people would have voted a candidate based on his leadership quality and merit
- without looking at his party, surname, caste, religion, ethnicity
"Vasudhaika kutumbakam"
Brahmins in Vedas are part of Chatvar Varna Ashram- four divne professions. In a Vedic mosiac society all four are equal and they are co-workers of prosperity having different roles to perform. These divine Varnas are allotted based Vedic Education on merit, ability and aptitude and not Birth. Vedic Brahmins are those who study till the age 0f 36 years (Rudrais) and till the age of 48 years (Adityas). Kashtriyas study till the age of 24 Years.
A Vedic Brahmin has a complete knowledge of all social, physical and material sciences, Military science, Spiritual and Divine knowledge.
Material knowledge relates to perishable matter, spiritual knowledge relate to withdrawable i.e.energy, power, Prakrti etc and divine knowledge relate to eternal like , Parmatma, Atma, Time, Space etc
Revival of Vedas can strengthen Vedic Sanatan Dharma.
with regards,
Prem Sabhlok
.
Great Discipline of Brahmins in India
Brahmin is the class of educators, law makers, doctors, scholars and preachers in Hinduism. It is said to occupy the highest position among the four varnas of Hinduism.
The English word brahmin is an anglicised form of the Sanskrit word Brahmana (Brahman also refers to a sanskrit word Brahma- meaning 'knowledge', Brahman (noun form) who possesses the 'knowledge.' Brahmins are also called Vipra "learned" or Dvija "twice-born".
In Buddhist sources written in Pali and Prakrit, including Ashokan inscriptions, Brahmins are commonly called Babhans which is the Pali word for Brahmins.
Historically, the rulers acted in close relationship with Brahmins, and relied on them as their advisors. Gradually, the Brahmins became a powerful and influential group in India, attracting accusations of discriminating against 'lower' castes. In modern India, the Brahmins have complained of reverse discrimination.
Brahmin communities
The Brahmin castes may be broadly divided into two regional groups: Pancha-Gauda Brahmins and Pancha-Dravida Brahmins as per the write up is from Rajatarangini of Kalhana which is composed only in 11th CE and many communities find their traces from sages mentioned in much older Vedas and puranas.
Pancha Gauda Brahmins
Pancha Gauda (the five classes of Northern India): (1) Saraswat,(2) Kanyakubja, (3)Maithil Brahmins (4) Gauda brahmins (including Sanadhyas)) (5)Utkala Brahmins .
Pancha Dravida Brahmins
Paara Thrivikraman Namboothiri, Priest of Guruvayoor Temple in Kerala, 1960'sPanch Dravida (the five classes of Southern India): 1) Andhra, 2) Dravida (Tamil and Kerala), 3) Karnataka, 4) Maharashtra and Konkon, and 5) Gujarat. They originate from north of the (now-extinct) Saraswati River.
In Haryana, the Brahmin are classified in mainly Dadhich_Brahmin, Gaud Brahmin, Khandelwal Brahmin. But large proportion of Brahmin in Haryana are Gaud(about 90%). Approximately all Brahmin in west U P are adi gaur.
In Nepal, the hill Brahmins are classified in mainly Upadhaya Brahmin, Jaisi Brahmin and Kumain Brahmins. Upadhaya Brahmins are supposed to have settled in Nepal long before the other two groups. Majority of hill Brahmins are supposed to be of Khasa origin.
In Punjab, they are classified as Saraswat Brahmins.
In Rajasthan, the Brahmins are classified in mainly Dadhich_Brahmin, Gaur Brahmin,Sanadhya brahmins, Rajpurohit / Purohit Brahmins, Sri Gaur Brahmin, Khandelwal Brahmin, Gujar-Gaur Brahmins. Rajpurohit / Purohit Brahmins are mainly found in Marwar & Godwad region of Rajasthan. Rajpurohit a Title bestowed upon those learned Brahmins, who use to perform the rituals and rites for the rulers of some kingdoms. In the course of their service to the kingdom, according to ancient traditions, the king use to award a few villages or land known as Sasan Jagir within his kingdom to their Rajpurohits. These villages or land were considered to be free from any ruler, and were outside the ambit of any form of tax. Shakdwipiya Brahmins are also found at many places in rajasthan they are the major pujari in many temples of western rajasthan. In Sindh, the saraswat Brahmins from Nasarpur of Sindh province are called Nasarpuri Sindh Saraswat Brahmin. During the India and Pakistan partition migrated to India from sindh province.
In Uttar Pradesh, from west to east: Sanadhya, Gauda & Tyagi (western UP), Kanyakubja( Central UP), Sarayuparin (Central Uttar Pradesh,Eastern, NE,& SE UP), Bhumihar (Varanasi and other parts of eastern U.P.) and Maithil(Varanasi), the South western UP, i.e. Bundelkhand has thick population of Jujhotia brahmins(branch of Kanyakubja brahmins:ref. Between History & Legend:Power & Status in Bundelkhand by Ravindra K Jain). On the Jijhoutia clan of Bhumihar Brahmins, William Crooke writes, "A branch of the Kanaujia Brahmins (Kanyakubja Brahmins) who take their name from the country of Jajakshuku, which is mentioned in the Madanpur inscription."33 Mathure or mathuria Brahmins 'choubeys' are limited to Mathura area.
In Gujarat, Brahmins are classified into Eight groups: Anavil Brahmin, Audichya Brahmins, Bardai Brahmins, Girinarayan Brahmins, Khedaval, Nagar Brahmins, Shrimali Brahmins, Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmins and Modh Brahmins. The Modh Brahmins worship Matangi Modheshwari mata (Modhera) and are mostly found in North Gujarat and in the Baroda region.
In Maharashtra, Brahmins are classified into five groups: Chitpavan Konkanastha Brahmins, Gaud Saraswat Brahmin Pareek, Deshastha Brahmin, Karhade Brahmin, and Devrukhe. As the name indicates, Kokanastha Brahmin are from Konkan area. Gaud Saraswat Brahmins are from Konkan region or they may come from Goa or Karnataka, Deshastha Brahmin are from plains of Maharashtra, Karhade Brahmins are perhaps from Karhatak (an ancient region in India that included present day south Maharashtra and northern Karnataka) and Devrukhe Brahmins are from Devrukh near Ratnagiri.
In Madhya Pradesh the descendents of Somnath temple priests, Naramdev Brahmin, Who migrated from Gujrat to Madhyapradesh after the Mohd. Ghazni notorious forays in saurashtra and desacration of Somnath, and sedenterized along the coast of Narmada river hence derived their name ie Narmdiya brahmin or Naramdevs. Guru of Adi guru Shankaracharya, shri Govindacharya claimed to belongs to this community who initiated him in the Omkareshwar in the bank of river Narmada. Naramdevs are in high concentration in Nimar (Khandwa and Khargone)and Bhuvana region (Harda) of Madhyapradesh. Here, the Brahmins are classified in mainly Shri Gaud, Sanadhya brahmin, Gujar-Gaud Brahmins. Majority of Shri Gaud Brahmins are found in the Malwa region (Indore, Ujjain, Dewas). Eastern MP has dense population of Sarayuparain Brahmins. Hoshangabad and Harda Distt. of MP have a considerable population of Jujhotia (a clan of Bhumihar Brahmins, eg. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati) and Naremdev Brahmins.
In Karnataka, Brahmins are mainly classified into Havyaka speaking Havigannada, Babbur Kamme, Hoysala Karnataka speaking kannada, Shivalli and Kota speaking Tulu, Karahada speaking Marathi and have their own tradition and culture.
In Orissa, Utkala Brahmins, also known as Oriya or Orissa Brahmins, are a Jati (caste) who live mainly in the Indian state of Orissa & neighbouring states of Chhatishgarh,Northern Andhra Pradesh,West Bengal & Jharkhand. They constitute farthest branch of the Panch-Gauda in the east, south of Maithila(present day Bihar).Utkala Brahmins are mainly classified into Utkala Kulina Brahmins,Utkala Aranyaka Brahmins,Utkala Halua Brahmins,Utkala Panda Brahmins.
In West Bengal, the Brahmins are classified in Barendra & Rarhi corresponding to the ancient Barendrabhumi(North Bengal) and Rarhdesh(South Bengal) making present day Bangladesh & West Bengal. It is also said that Barendras are traditional Brahmins who practiced the art of medicinal science and surgury rather than the traditional function of being the teacher or the priest, and so many a times they are not considered true brahmins by the Rarhis, although they are their own offshoots.
The traditional accounts of the origin of Bengali Brahmins are given in texts termed Kulagranthas (e.g., Kuladipika), composed around the 17th century. They mention a ruler named Adisura who invited five Brahmins from Kanyakubja, so that he could conduct a yajña, because he could not find Vedic experts locally. Traditional texts mention that Adisura was ancestor of Ballal Sena from maternal side and five Brahmins had been invited in AD 1077. Historians have located a ruler named Adisura ruling in north Bihar, but not in Bengal. But Ballal Sena and his predecessors ruled over both Bengal and Mithila (i.e., North Bihar). It is unlikely that the Brahmins from Kanyakubja may have been invited to Mithila for performing a yajña, because Mithila was a strong base of Brahmins since Vedic age. Another account mentions a king Shyamal Varma who invited five Brahmins from Kanyakubja who became the progenitors of the Vaidika Brahmins. A third account refers to five Brahmins being the ancestors of Varendra Brahmins as well. From similarity of titles (e.g., upadhyaya), the first account is most probable.
Besides these two major community there are also Utkal Brahmins, having migrated from present Orissa and Vaidik Brahmins, having migrated from Western and Northern India.
In Andhra Pradesh, Brahmins are broadly classified into 3 groups: Vaidika (meaning educated in vedas and performing religious vocations), Niyogi (performing only secular vocation)and Dravidlu(In the Coastal Andhra Pradesh). They are further divided into several sub-castes. However, majority of the Brahmins, both Vaidika and Niyogi, perform only secular professions.
In Karnataka, Brahmins are broadly classified into 2 groups: Madhwa (followers of Shri Madhwacharya) and Smartha (followers of Shri Adi Sankaracharya). They are further divided into several sub-castes. Other than these groups, there are other brahmin communities viz, Havyaka, Kota, Shivalli, Saraswata etc. Here, Havyaka speaking Havigannada, Babbur Kamme, Hoysala Karnataka speaking kannada, Shivalli and Kota speaking Tulu, Karahada speaking Marathi and have their own tradition and culture.
In Kerala, Brahmins are classified into three groups: Namboothiris, Pottis and Pushpaka. The major priestly activities are performed by Namboothiris while the other temple related activities known as Kazhakam are performed by Pushpaka Brahmins and other Ampalavasis. Sri Adi Shankara was born in Kalady, a village in Kerala, to a Namboothiri Brahmin couple, Shivaguru and Aryamba, and lived for thirty-two years. The Namboothiri Brahmins, Potti Brahmins and Pushpaka Brahmins in Kerala follow the Philosophies of Sri Adi Sankaracharya. Nagariks are the common name for north indian immigrant brahmins The Brahmins who migrated to Kerala from Tamil Nadu are known as Pattar in Kerala. They possess almost same status of Potti Brahmins in Kerala.
In Tamil Nadu, Brahmins belong to 2 major groups: Iyer and Iyengar. Iyers comprise of Smartha and Saivite Brahmins and are broadly classified into Vadama, Vathima, Brhatcharnam, Ashtasahasram, Sholiyar and Gurukkal. There are mostly followers of Adi Shankaracharya and form about three-fourths of Tamil Nadu's Brahmin population. Iyengars comprise of Vaishnavite Brahmins and are divided into two sects: Vadakalai and Thenkalai. They are mostly followers of Ramanuja and make up the remaining one-fourth of the Tamil Brahmin population.
In Bihar, majority of Brahmins are Kanyakubja Brahmins, Bhumihar Brahmins and Maithil Brahmins with a significant population of Sakaldiwiya or Shakdwipi Brahmins. The Bhumihar Brahmins, of whom many, though not all, belong to the Saryupareen Brahmin division of Kanyakubja Brahmins. Therefore, there is a lot of brotherhood among these Brahmin sub-castes and Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi and Dr. Hazari Prasad Dwivedi have mentioned it in their writings. On the Jijhoutia clan of Bhumihar Brahmins (eg. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), William Crooke writes, "A branch of the Kanaujia Brahmins (Kanyakubja Brahmins) who take their name from the country of Jajakshuku, which is mentioned in the Madanpur inscription."
In the 19th and 20th national convention of Kanyakubja Brahmins by Kanyakubja Mahati Sabha, in 1926 and 1927 respectively, it reiterated Bhumihar Brahmins to be Kanyakubja Brahmins and appealed for unity among Kanyakubja Brahmins whose different branches included Sanadhya, Pahadi, Jujhoutia, Saryupareen, Chattisgadhi, Bhumihar and different Bengali Brahmins.
With the decline of Mughal Empire, in the area of south of Avadh, in the fertile rive-rain rice growing areas of Benares, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Ghazipur, Ballia and Bihar and on the fringes of Bengal, it was the 'military' or Bhumihar Brahmins who strengthened their sway. The distinctive 'caste' identity of Bhumihar Brahman emerged largely through military service, and then confirmed by the forms of continuous 'social spending' which defined a man and his kin as superior and lordly. In 19th century, many of the Bhumihar Brahmins were zamindars. Of the 67000 Hindus in the Bengal Army in 1842, 28000 were identified as Rajputs and 25000 as Brahmins, a category that included Bhumihar Brahmins. The Brahmin presence in the Bengal Army was reduced in the late nineteenth century because of their perceived primary role as mutineers in the Mutiny of 1857, led by Mangal Pandey. The Kingdom of Kashi belonged to Bhumihar Brahmins and big zamindaris like Bettiah Raj, Hathwa Raj and Tekari Raj belonged to them.
Gotras
In general, gotra denotes any person who traces descent in an unbroken male line from a common male ancestor. Panini defines gotra for grammatical purposes as ' apatyam pautraprabhrti gotram', which means 'the word gotra denotes the progeny (of a sage) beginning with the son's son. When a person says ' I am Kashypasa-gotra' he means that he traces his descent from the ancient sage Kashyapa by unbroken male descent.
According to the Baudhâyanas'rauta-sûtra are 8 sages; the progeny of these eight sages is declared to be gotras:
1. Visvamitra,
2. Jamadagni,
3. Bharadvâja,
4. Gautama,
5. Atri or Krisnatriya,
6. Vasishtha,
7. Kashyapa and
8. Agastya
This enumeration of eight primary gotras seems to have been known to Panini. These gotras are not directly connected to Prajapathy or latter brama. The offspring (apatya) of these eight are gotras and others than these are called ' gotrâvayava '.
The gotras are arranged in groups. There are according to the Âsvalâyana-srautasûtra four subdivisions of the Vasishtha gana, viz. Upamanyu, Parashara, Kundina and Vasishtha (other than the first three). Each of these four again has numerous sub-sections, each being called gotra.
So the arrangement is first into ganas, then into pakshas, then into individual gotras. The first has survived in the Bhrigu and Angirasa gana. According to Baudh., the principal eight gotras were divided into pakshas.
· The pravara of Upamanyu is Vasishtha, Bharadvasu, Indrapramada;
· The pravara of the Parâshara gotra is Vasishtha, Shâktya, Pârâsharya;
· The pravara of the Kundina gotra is Vasishtha, Maitrâvaruna, Kaundinya and
· The pravara of Vasishthas other than these three is simply Vasishtha.
It is therefore that some define pravara as the group of sages that distinguishes the founder (lit. the starter) of one gotra from another.
Pravaras
There are two kinds of pravaras.
1) Sishya-prasishya-rishi-parampara, and
2) Putrparampara.
Gotrapravaras can be ekarsheya, dwarsheya, triarsheya, pancharsheya, saptarsheya, and up to 19 rishis.
Kashyapasa gotra has at least two distinct pravaras in Andhra Pradesh: one with three sages (triarsheya pravara) and the other with seven sages (saptarsheya pravara). This pravara may be either sishya-prasishya-rishi-parampara or putraparampara.
When it is sishya-prasishya-rishi-parampara marriage is not acceptable if half or more than half of the rishis are same in both bride and bridegroom gotras. If it is putraparampara, marriage is totally unacceptable even if one rishi matches.
Sects and rishis
Due to the diversity in religious and cultural traditions and practices, and the Vedic schools which they belong to, Brahmins are further divided into various subcastes.
During the sutra period, roughly between 1000 BCE to 200 BCE, Brahmins became divided into various Shakhas (branches), based on the adoption of different Vedas and different rescension Vedas. Sects for different denominations of the same branch of the Vedas were formed, under the leadership of distinguished teachers among Brahmins.
There are several Brahmin law givers such as Angirasa, Apasthambha, Atri (also sometimes more realized as Krishnatriya), Brihaspati, Boudhayana, Daksha, Gautam, Harita, Katyayana, Likhita, Manu, Parasara, Samvarta, Shankha, Shatatapa, Ushanasa, Vashishta, Vishnu, Vyasa, Yajnavalkya and Yama.
These twenty-one rishis were the propounders of Smritis. The oldest among these smritis are Apastamba, Baudhayana, Gautama, and Vasishta Sutras.
Descendants from Brahmins
· Many Indians claim descent from the Vedic Rishis of both Brahmin and non-Brahmin descent.
· For example the Dash and Nagas are said to be the descendants of Kashyapa Muni.
· The Rajput gothras which correspond to the name of the Rishis mean that they employ(ed) (and protect) Brahmin priest of that gothras.
· Visvakarmas are the descendants of Pancha Rishis or Brahmarshies.
· According to Yajurveda and brahmanda purana They are Sanagha, Sanathana, Abhuvanasa, Prajnasa, Suparnasa.
· The Kani tribe of South India claim to descend from Agastya Muni.
· The Gondhali, Kanet, Bhot, Lohar, Dagi, and Hessis claim to be from Renuka Devi.
· The Kasi Kapadi Sudras claim to originate from the Brahmin Sukradeva. Their duty was to transfer water to the sacred city of Kashi.
· Dadheech Brahmins/dayama brahmin trace their roots from Dadhichi Rishi. Many Jats clans claim to descend from Dadhichi Rishi while the Dudi Jats claim to be in the linear of Duda Rishi.
· Lord Buddha of course, was a descendant of Angirasa through Gautama. There too were Kshatiryas of other clans to whom members descend from Angirasa, to fulfill a childless king's wish.
· The backward-caste Matangs claim to descend from Matang Muni, who became a Brahmin by his karma.
· The nomadic tribe of Kerala, the Kakkarissi according to one legend are derived from the mouth of Garuda, the vehicle of Vishnu, and came out Brahmin.
Brahmins taking up other duties Brahmins have taken on many professions - from being priests, ascetics and scholars to warriors and business people, as is attested for example in Kalhana's Rajatarangini.
Two of the largest empires in India were established and ruled by Brahmins. When the Kshatriyas failed to conduct their duties, Brahmins have become warriors and eventually restored law and order.
Brahmins according to Dharma should assume a ruling position because they are the law-makers and preservers of Dharma. However, whenever there have been incidents in the history, where the rulers have failed to live up to Dharma, Brahmins have assume power to restore proper law and order.
First, instance is Chanakya (a brahmin) created the Maurya Empire. Maurya empire was the largest empire in India. Second, the Peshwas (Brahmins) ruled almost all of greater India, starting from Mysore to Afghanistan.
Brahmins with the qualities of Kshatriyas are known as 'Brahmakshatriyas'. An example is the avatara Parshurama who destroyed the entire Haiheyas 21 times. Not only did Sage Parashurama have warrior skills but he was so powerful that he could even fight without the use of any weapons and trained others to fight without weapons.
The Bhumihar Brahmins were established when Parashurama destroyed the Kshatriya race, and he set up in their place the descendants of Brahmins, who, after a time, having mostly abandoned their priestly functions (although some still perform), took to land-owning.
Today there is a caste, Brahmakhatris, who are a clan of the Khatris.
Perhaps the word Brahma-kshatriya refers to a person belonging to the heritage of both castes. However, among the Royal Rajput households, brahmins who became the personal teachers and protectors of the Royal princes rose to the status of Rajpurohit and taught the princes everything including martial arts. They would also become the keepers of the Royal lineage and its history. They would also be the protectors of the throne in case the regent was orphaned and a minor.
Kshatriyan Brahmin is a term associated with people of both caste's components.
The Pallavas were an example of Brahmakshatriyas as that is what they called themselves. King Lalitaditya Muktapida of Kashmir ruled all of India and even Central Asia.
King Rudravarma of Champa (Vietnam) of 657 A.D. was the son of a Brahmin father.
King Jayavarma I of Kambuja (Kampuchea) of 781 A.D. was a Brahma-kshatriya.
Brahmins with the qualities of a Vaisya or merchant are known as 'Brahmvyasya'. An example of such persons are people of the Ambastha caste, which exist in places like South India and Bengal. They perform medical work - they have from ancient times practiced the Ayurveda and have been Vaidyas (or doctors).
Many Pallis of South India claim to be Brahmins (while others claim to be Agnikula Kshatriyas.) Kulaman Pallis are nicknamed by outsiders as Kulaman Brahmans. Hemu from Rewari ,Haryana was also a Brahmin by birth.
Duties
Brahmanas have six occupational duties, of which three are compulsory — namely, studying the Vedas, worshiping the Deity and giving charity. By teaching, by inducing others to worship the Deity, and by accepting gifts, the brahma?as receive the necessities of life.
Of the six occupational duties of the brahmanas, three are compulsory — namely, worship of the Deity, study of the Vedas and the giving of charity. In exchange, a brahmiin should receive charity, and this should be his means of livelihood. A brahmiin cannot take up any professional occupational duty for his livelihood.
The sastras especially stress that if one claims to be a brahmana. Brahmins believe in Sarvejanassukhinobhavantu — Let the entire society be happy and prosperous and Vasudhaika kutumbakam — the whole world is one family. Many Brahmins are reformers.
Most Brahmins today practice vegetarianism or lacto-vegetarianism. There are some Brahmins who are non-vegetarians, mainly the Brahmins of cold mountain areas like Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Nepal, and coastal areas like Bengal, who are fish eaters. However, even the meat eating Brahmins shun beef.
Sampradayas
The three sampradayas (traditions) of Brahmins, especially in South India are the Smarta sampradaya, the Srivaishnava sampradaya and the Madhva sampradaya.
Vaishnavism Srivaishnava sampradaya and the Madhva sampradaya are the two major Vaishnavite sects. From these two were influenced several other Vaishnavite sects such as the Ramananda Sampraday, and Ramdassi Sampraday. The chief propounder of the Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya was Ramanuja while Madhava was the founder of the Madhav Sampraday. The Pushtimarg Sampraday, founded by Vallabh Acharya is yet another sect influenced by the other two major Vaishnavite sect.
The most well know branch of Vaishnavism is that of Brahma Gaudiya Vaishnavism from Bengal.citation needed This was founded by Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu. This branch of Vaishnavism was the first opened the status Brahmin to those who were not of Indian decent. These brahmin are part of the Gaudiya Vaishnava branch known as International Society for Krishna Consciouness, or ISKCON
Vaishnavism included many sect such as the Swaminarayan Sampraday.
There are many members of the Swaminarayan Sampraday founded by Bhagwan Swaminarayan, born as Ghanshyam Pande a Vaishnavite Brahmin of present-day Uttar Pradesh. He later settled in Gujarat, wherein the highest density of sampraday members live. This is a Vaishnavite sect. This sect was founded in the latter part of the 18th century.
There is also the Varkari Sampraday, which worships Sri Krishna as "Vithal". The word "Varkari" means travelers because members of this sect travel from their home towns on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, almost always on foot! Important saints of this movement were the Brahmins Dnyaneshwar, Muktabai as well as several non-Brahmin icons.
There is also the Mahanubhava sampraday founded by King Cakradhara, known popularly to members as Sri Chakradhar Swami, in the 12th century. The members of this sect worship Lord Vishnu in His five forms; Lord Krishna, Lord Sri Dattatreya, Lord Sri Chakrapani, Lord Sri Govindaprabhu, and Lord Cakradhara (the founder Himself).
Shaivism The Shaiva Brahmins have important icons such as, Basava Swami of Karnataka, Kungiliya Kalaya Nayanar or Tamil Nadu, and Lakulisa of Gujarat.
Upendra Bhatt
(C):678-478-2578 - www.uetours.net
1) upendra@msn.com 2) upendra1@comcast.net
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Manoj Padhi
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